Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 A Response to High-profile...

Surbanes Oxley Act 2002 Historical forces have a way of acting in concert, even when propelled by markedly different factors. In the United States, a spate of astonishing high-profile corporate failures have shaken investor confidence and placed corporate fraud and accounting abuses center stage before the public and its governmental representatives. The legislative response to these events was the rapid passage of the Sarbanes- Oxley Act (the Act) of 2002, which virtually overnight transformed the landscape of financial reporting and corporate responsibility. Within the same relative time frame, the European Union (EU) has been pushing to eliminate barriers to cross-border trading in an effort to support the creation of a†¦show more content†¦Under the Act, companies must routinely report on compliance and identify, on an ongoing basis, any problems or aberrations found with their compliance procedures. There are four specific Sarbanes- Oxley sections that relate to enterprise applications and their associated processes: PURPOSE In 2001, the United States monumentally adopted a sweeping body of reform legislation – the U.S. Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act of 2002, known as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Sarbanes- Oxley initiated a host of compliance and procedural requirements. This act was primarily in response to a series of U.S. corporate failures that resulted in an enormous loss of public investment funds. Hence, the U.S. government - Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) in an effort reduce fraud and conflicts of interest, sought to legislatively demand corporate responsibility and accountability from corporate executives to all stakeholders in order to increase financial transparency and re-establish investor confidence. The legislation is intended to address some of the questionable accounting practices that underpinned the recent spate of corporate scandals thereby reducing fraud and failures in corporate reporting. The act’s legislative requirements directly affect auditor firms, boards of directors, corporate executives, and Wall Street analysts – their make up, relationships andShow MoreRelatedThe Sarbanes Oxley Act Of 20021015 Words   |  5 PagesThe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, also known as the SOX Act, is enacted on July 30, 2002 by Congress as a result of some major accounting frauds such as Enron and WorldCom. The main objective of this act is to recover the investors’ trust in the stock market, and to prevent and detect corporate accounting fraud. I will discuss the background of Sarbanes-Oxley Act, and why it became necessary in the first section of this paper. The second section will be the act’s regulations for the management, externalRead MoreArticle Revie w of The Sarbanes: Oxley Debacle448 Words   |  2 PagesReview: SOX The article entitled The Sarbanes - Oxley Debacle written by Henry Butler and Larry Ribstein discusses their viewpoint of the eponymous piece of legislation. From the adjective that the two use in describing the Sarbanes Oxley Act, it is obvious that they are critical of the legislation and believe that it fails in its endeavors to create accountability or punishment for organizations and businesses that fail to perform ethically and legally. In 2002, the United States government passedRead MoreSarbanes Oxley Act, An Overview Essay915 Words   |  4 Pagesobligated to act in your best interest, which means to advise and explain to you some important changes in the accounting field relating to Sarbanes Oxley Act, also called SOX. In July 2002, The US Congress enacted the Sarbanes Oxley Act, Also known as the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act (in the Senate) and Corporate and Auditing Accountability and Responsibility Act (in the House). Co-authored by U.S. Sen. Paul Sarbanes of Maryland and U.S. Rep. Michael Oxley of OhioRead MoreHistory of Sox2875 Words   |  12 PagesHistory of Sarbanes Oxley and the Reasons for Enactment Virginia Knight Student ID: 6892460166 Accounting Capstone Senior Seminar in Accounting ACC 499 006016 Spring 2009 Submitted to: Professor Tee Thein June 19, 2009 Abstract: In 2002 the Sarbanes-Oxley Act was passed. This is a mandatory act that all organizations, large and small, must comply with. This legislation introduced major changes to the regulation of financial practice and corporate governance. There are eleven titlesRead MoreWorldcom: the Story of a Whistle-Blower Essay1935 Words   |  8 Pageswhistle-blower hotline process in place. Instead, Cynthia took on significant risks when she stepped over Scott Sullivan’s head and notified the audit committee chairman of her findings. Discuss the key criteria for the operation of an effective corporate whistle-blower hotline. Be sure to highlight potential pitfalls that should be avoided and reference professional codes, legislation and academic literature as appropriate. A whistle-blower is an organisation member (former or current) who disclosesRead MoreCorporate Fraud Has Taken The World By Storm For Over The Past Decade1479 Words   |  6 PagesCorporate Fraud Introduction Overview Corporate fraud has taken the world by storm for over the past decade. The biggest fraud cases to ever occur happened in 2001 and 2002 and since then fraud seems to be more and more common around the world. According to Forbes.com (n.d) the biggest fraud cases to ever occur was Enron, Bernard Madoff, Lehman Brothers, and Cendant, with Enron being the largest accounting scandal to ever take place. Prior to Enron’s fraud scandal coming to light in 2001, theyRead MoreThe Sarbanes Oxley Act ( Sec )2142 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction In July 2002, the United State Congress passed a legislation known as the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (often shortened to SOX). The act was drafted by United States congressmen Paul Sarbanes and Michael Oxley and was aimed at improving corporate governance and accountability. This legislation was passed to protect the general public and shareholders from fraudulent practices and accounting errors in the enterprise, in addition to improving the accuracy of corporate disclosures. The United StatesRead MoreCorporate Governance - Cost Benefit Analysis of Sarbanes Oxley18706 Words   |  75 PagesTHE BENEFITS OF SARBANES-OXLEY AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE MEASURED AGAINST THE COSTS Salim Motala A research project submitted to the Gordon Institute of Business Science, University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration. 14 November 2007 ABSTRACT The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) is the only legislated corporate governance structure, and is aimed at increasing investor confidence in public companies by forcing themRead MoreEffect of Matherial Weaknesses on Stock Exchange Market11608 Words   |  47 PagesMARKET The impact of Sarbanes Oxley Act in companies’ share price Ronnie Damonte Month Year School of Business Administration TABLE OF CONTENTS: 1. INTRODUCTION 3 1.1 Background Information. 3 1.2 Objectives of the Research. 3 1.2 Research Questions. 4 1.3 Methods. 4 2. SARBANES OXLEY ACT 5 2.1 What is the â€Å"Sarbanes Oxley Act†? 5 2.2 SOX genesis. 5 2.2.1 Toward the SOX. 5 2.2.2 The development of SOX bill. 6 2.3 Structure and contents of Sarbanes Oxley Act. 8 2.3.1 - 100sRead MoreSecurity Plan3820 Words   |  16 PagesInstitute. 2007) A report from Justin Kallhoff explains that the highest priority of physical security is human safety and in the event of an incident, the priority should be to ensure all human beings are safe prior to initiating other incident responses. (Justin Kallhoff.2007) The below tabular representation briefly describes some of the threats to an organisations information asset. Security Threat Security Threat Description Humans Behaviour If someone accidentally unplugs or turns off

What Is an Elastic Collision

An elastic collision is a situation where multiple objects collide and the total kinetic energy of the system is conserved, in contrast to an inelastic collision, where kinetic energy is lost during the collision. All types of collision obey the law of conservation of momentum. In the real world, most collisions result in loss of kinetic energy in the form of heat and sound, so its rare to get physical collisions that are truly elastic. Some physical systems, however, lose relatively little kinetic energy so can be approximated as if they were elastic collisions. One of the most common examples of this is billiard balls colliding or the balls on​ Newtons cradle. In these cases, the energy lost is so minimal that they can be well approximated by assuming that all kinetic energy is preserved during the collision. Calculating Elastic Collisions An elastic collision can be evaluated since it conserves two key quantities: momentum and kinetic energy. The below equations apply to the case of two objects that are moving with respect to each other and collide through an elastic collision. m1 Mass of object 1m2 Mass of object 2v1i Initial velocity of object 1v2i Initial velocity of object 2v1f Final velocity of object 1v2f Final velocity of object 2Note: The boldface variables above indicate that these are the velocity vectors. Momentum is a vector quantity, so the direction matters and has to be analyzed using the tools of vector mathematics. The lack of boldface in the kinetic energy equations below is because it is a scalar quantity and, therefore, only the magnitude of the velocity matters.Kinetic Energy of an Elastic CollisionKi Initial kinetic energy of the systemKf Final kinetic energy of the systemKi 0.5m1v1i2 0.5m2v2i2Kf 0.5m1v1f2 0.5m2v2f2Ki Kf0.5m1v1i2 0.5m2v2i2 0.5m1v1f2 0.5m2v2f2Momentum of an Elastic CollisionPi Initial momentum of the systemPf Final momentum of the systemPi m1 * v1i m2 * v2iPf m1 * v1f m2 * v2fPi Pfm1 * v1i m2 * v2i m1 * v1f m2 * v2f You are now able to analyze the system by breaking down what you know, plugging for the various variables (dont forget the direction of the vector quantities in the momentum equation!), and then solving for the unknown quantities or quantities.

John Locke And Locke s Views On Nature Nurture - 1629 Words

As of the making of the new science â€Å"psychology,† the ancient Greeks created psychology’s biggest question in history; â€Å"Are our human traits present at birth, or do they develop through experience?† That specific question developed the â€Å"nature-nurture issue.† The nature-nurture issue is what the behavior goes to heredity or experience. As the issue began, Greek philosopher, Plato, assumed that we inherit character, intelligence, and certain ideas are developed inborn, on the contrary, Greek philosopher, Aristotle debated that nothing comes in the mind through the senses of the external world. Later in the 1600’s, there were new rivals for the nature-nurture issue which were John Locke and Rene Descartes. Locke didn’t follow through Plato’s whole â€Å"inborn† hypothesis, however, Locke suggests that the mind starts off undeveloped and figures out on it own by experience. Descartes on the other hand, disagreed to L ocke’s concept. Unlike John Locke’s disagreement to Plato, Descartes obviously favorites Plato’s hypothesis because due to Descartes remark, he declares that some ideas are inborn. As Descartes laid down Plato’s remark, two centuries later, a naturalist named Charles Darwin came to dissolve more of the issue. As a naturalist, Darwin discovered how the type species interact differently from the species from other locations that were nearby. That discovery concluded to be the proposal of â€Å"natural selection,† which is a principle that explains that nature selects theShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke s Views On Education879 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Locke was a philosopher, doctor and political theorists of the 17th century. He was one of the founders of the school of thought known as British Empiricism. Mr. Locke made foundational contributions to modern theories of limited, liberal government. He was also influential in the areas of theology, religious toleration, and educational theory. During his services at Shaftesbury, John Locke had been writing. He published all of his most significant works within six years of following his returnRead MorePsychology And The Human Soul998 Words   |  4 Pagesallow the mind to explore beyond the abilities of the body, and create a relationship between the human thoughts and feelings. An example of philosophical psychology would be the highly debated nature versus nurture; arguing whether behavior is learned or genetic. But, the concept of nature versus nurture also plays into how much free will human beings contain. The second form of psychology is, popular psychology; this form of psychology pertains to people of power. These individuals contain noRead MoreNature vs. Nurture818 Words   |  3 PagesNature Versus Nurture Introduction: There are few mysteries that are greater or provoke more debate than that which dictates human individuality. Sociologists, psychologists and genealogists have long argued over the roles played by the inherent genetic and biological features of an individual and the environmental, contextual and experiential realities surrounding the individual where the development of personality, ability and orientation are concerned. This underscores the debate between natureRead MoreEssay about History of Nature and Nurture1866 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Nature vs. nurture has been discussed by philosophers in the past and by scientists most recently. Philosophers such as Plato argued that all knowledge was inherited through your parent and when you were told something you didnt learn it you were just reminded of it. Aristotle however argued that all humans were born with a blank slate and built on it with influence from there environment. In the 1700s the empiricists and the internalists took over the argument. They fought through lettersRead More Nature vs. Nurture Essay1836 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Nature vs. nurture has been discussed by philosophers in the past and by scientists more recently. Philosophers such as Plato argued that all knowledge was inherited from your parents and when you were told something you didn’t learn it you were just reminded of it. Aristotle however argued that all humans were born with a blank slate and built on it with influence from there environment. In the 1700’s the empiricists and the internalists took over the argument. They fought through lettersRead MoreDo You Believe? God? Essay2362 Words   |  10 Pagesnot believe that a God can exist because it simply is not logical. Everyone has their own reasons to why or why not God exists, but in this essay I am going to discuss why I believe in God, the evidence, philosophical position that is closest to my views, and the possible criticisms. In my own experience, I have to say that I do believe in God more than anything else in this world. I grew up in a Christian home since I was a little girl and I have always been involved in the church. Over the yearsRead MorePoverty Influences Children s Early Brain Development1521 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty Influences Children’s Early Brain Development Children have been the topic of many research studies and debates throughout history. Scientists, educators, social workers and teachers have debated the importance of nature and nurture in children s development. Our ideas of children are shaped greatly by the portrayal of children through media. Producers, journalists, and writers have the power to either portray children as passive or active agents in their development of social, academicRead MoreThe Debate Between Nature And Nurture1828 Words   |  8 Pagesdebate between nature and nurture is a â€Å"long-standing controversy over the relative contribution that gene and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors† (6, Myers). In this paper, one will examine both sides of the argument providing supportive historical thought provoking ideas by major influential figures. In conclusion, one will state one s position in regard to the issue. Nature as used in this context refers to the contribution of a person s genetic makeupRead MoreThe Founding Of The First Laboratory By Wilhelm Wundt Essay797 Words   |  4 Pagesassumptions instead, it should start with the collection of facts. His stance lead scientists like John Locke and Thomas Reid to promote the fundamental principles of science such as empiricism and rationalism. Empiricism produces factual information while rationalism involves the development and elaboration of ideas. In 1881 Dr. Joseph Breuer was able to operate as a scientists and practitioner. However, today s society it is common for an individual to act as a scientist or practitioner. Both areasRead MoreDevelopmental Psychology : An Introduction2958 Words   |  12 PagesDevelopmental Psychology: An introduction Psychology is a field that is broken down into many subfields, each field distinctive in their nature. One of the most studied fields is developmental psychology. Before I explain the field in depth, it is important to understand what developmental psychology is, and how it came to be. Developmental psychology is mainly a scientific approach, which aims to explain how children and adults change overtime (Lerner, Lewin-Bizan, Warren, 2011). Most uniquely

Gangs and Violence in the United States Essay - 810 Words

In todays United States we have a huge problem affecting society, gangs and the violence that follows them wherever they go. These days’ gangs aren’t just compiled of grown adults, they often lure in young teens to do dirty work and to add numbers to their turf. Despite laws aimed straight at these gangs they still defy the law and wreak havoc upon the territory that they claim. The members in the gang have a gang first mentality and will do everything possible to provide for and protect their fellow members. They will very rarely snitch on their own to help put a stop to some of the meaningless crimes committed by these savages. Gangs are centered on a certain territory or turf that is claimed by that gang. When rival gangs enter that†¦show more content†¦When young teens get involved with gangs they pretty much throw their lives away because they leave school and frequently get arrested taking away any hope of getting a real job and honest living. Being arres ted is treated like a game to many people that are etched into the gang life. Many of the gangs that terrorize cities all over the United States are also established inside of prison. A lot of the time these members are the hardest of the hardest. The members will trade people for tangible items such as drugs, food, money, cigarettes, and many more things. Gangs are able to get a lot of tasks done in prison even though there is police or guards watching the moves the men and women are taking. People believe that arresting these members is putting a stop to the gangs and teaching them a lesson but in all actuality these men and women are just being taken off the streets to do the exact something while incarcerated. Even though they are carrying out the same actions in prison it is much better than outside because there isn’t other people and children at risk. In society there is no possible way to turn every gang member into a changed person. But there is a way to lead these y oung teens away from that type of lifestyle. It’s through many projects and programs that are completely centered on these teens to help get them off the streets and into school to get a good education. On television they have a show where atShow MoreRelatedGang Violence And The United States1470 Words   |  6 PagesGangs have been a part of American culture in the United States since the early 19th century when immigrant youth organized themselves into street gangs as a means of urban and economic survival. Today, gang violence has reached an almost catastrophic level in the United States. Criminal street gangs have become one of the most serious crime problems in California. Gang violence accounts for one of the largest personal threats to public safety for nearly all the cities in this state. Salinas, CaliforniaRead More Gang Violence in the United States Essay1192 Words   |  5 PagesGang Violence in the United States Gang violence in America is reaching alarming proportions. Chicago police Commander Donald Hilbring states, Gangs are everywhere. All throughout the city of Chicago, the suburbs, throughout the state, throughout the nation. Chicago police state that so far this year, more than 100 gang-related murders have occurred. Everyday an other report on the evening news relays the tragedy of a child accidently caught in gang crossfire. The image of blackRead MoreThe Crime Of A Gang1293 Words   |  6 PagesThe country we live in has been affected and influenced by something that we now call a â€Å"Gang†. According, to Dictionary.com a gang is defined as a group of youngsters or adolescents who associate closely, often exclusively, for social reasons, especially such a group engaging in delinquent behavior. Since the early 1900’s The United States of America has been affected by gangs. They originated from the Italian immigrants that were closely related to the Sicilian mafia and others that were locatedRead MoreViolence Is An Everyday Act That We Have Seen In Society,1588 Words   |  7 PagesViolence is an everyday act that we have seen in society, and in result has become a problem. Gang violence, on the other hand, has been a social problem of violence for decades in the United State s. In particular, it has been a serious problem in California that is has been known to be the â€Å"gang capital† in the United States, and a problem in a local scale. According to â€Å"FBI.org† , there are over 33,000 violent street gangs, motorcycle gangs, and prison gangs(FBI, 2015). Consequently, this bringsRead MoreViolence And Culture : A Cross Cultural And Interdisciplinary Approach By Jack David Eller1208 Words   |  5 Pagesglobal competitiveness. One can see how the rankings that America is top in are those that promote violence in one way or another. In the book Violence and Culture: A Cross-Cultural and Interdisciplinary Approach by Jack David Eller, the author discusses violence in American society in one of his chapters. In this chapter, he mentions some social characteristics that represents and plays a role in violence in America. The three of the four that will be discussed are gender, race, and youth. We will alsoRead MoreThe Problem Of Gang Viole nce1356 Words   |  6 PagesGang violence has grown to be a great problem in El Salvador in the last 30 years. Gangs have grown into large, complex organized crime units; the two largest gangs, MS13 (also known as Mara Salvatrucha 13) and Barrio18 (also known as Calle18), now encompass large parts of Central America. Both gangs rely heavily on local drug-peddling, which drives most of the general gang violence. The desire for control over certain areas had forged a fierce rivalry, in which civilians are often endangered whenRead MoreThe Gang Resistance Education And Training ( Great ) Program1298 Words   |  6 Pagescreation for the Gang Resistance Education and Training (GREAT) program, America’s inner cities was experiencing a substantial increase of gang membership along the youth living in impoverished communities. During the early 1990s, many viewed gang activity as a particular community’s problem, but as youth and gang violence was increasing drastically acr oss the United States’ inner cities, the public’s perception about this social issue changed. Due to the rapid rise of gang violence and youth membershipRead MoreEssay on Gangs in America787 Words   |  4 PagesDetail that agencys plan of action to combat the violence of a particular gang. List real world examples. Discuss what is currently being done to combat drug violence, and describe the effectiveness of these tactics. U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency The mission of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is to enforce the controlled substances laws and regulations of the United States and bring to the criminal and civil justice system of the United States, or any other competent jurisdiction, thoseRead MoreDrug Trafficking877 Words   |  4 PagesDrug Trafficking in the United States Americans like to hide thoughts of the bad in society, one of these thoughts often hid or forget about is drug trafficking. Drug trafficking effects everyone from the one-percent down to the people of poverty. Billions of dollars of drugs are bought and sold, with billions more being spent to fight the trafficking of illicit drugs in the United State. With all the money spent to prevent drug trafficking Americans need to understand the harmful effects. Drug TraffickingRead MoreGangs and Teenage Violence Essay1413 Words   |  6 PagesGangs and Teenage Violence A gang is a group of people who interact among themselves. Teen violence is contributed to these gangs. Most gangs claim neighborhoods as their territory and try to control everything inside that territory. This kind of antisocial behavior is a major problem in American Society. Gang members are typical members of the same ethnic group. Fear and hatred for people of another race is called xenophobia. People who are victims of racism are often racists

Thucydide vs Plato on The Good Life Essay - 1927 Words

Thucydides Versus Plato: Differing Views of the Good Life What is the true nature of the Good Life? Is it living life with concern for only oneself despite the possible consequences of ones action on others? Or might it involve self-sacrifice in effort to do what one feels is right or just? Is it descriptive, or perhaps prescriptive? Two prominent Greeks, Thucydides and Plato, began providing answers to these questions over 25 centuries ago as they analyzed and wrote critically about lifes ethical implications. They shined contrasting light on what is right, just, and good; as well as ways to achieve true happiness. In short, each gave an opinion on how to garner the Good Life. Lets start by taking a look at Thucydides,†¦show more content†¦In the end, Socrates anecdotes show that living a modest and virtuous versus aggrandized and self-serving lifestyle, results in true happiness. But, was Plato right? How does his prescription of self-sacrifice for the good of a ll compare to Thucydides win-at-any-cost descriptions of the Athenians in Melos. Which view is most just or right? Which will make a humans life truly happy and good? For those who choose to live lavishly no matter the cost, or perhaps feel the nature of life is such that strength and power trump weakness and subservience, Thucydides empirical recollection of Athenian army actions at Melos must seem justified. Dont those who have achieved dominance naturally deserve to live the Good Life? To the contrary, for others who believe that self-sacrifice and virtue are the key to justice, Platos normative philosophy would be the wiser choice to attain happiness and goodness. One could surmise Thucydides was reporting the way life is, while Plato was analyzing and communicating the way things ought to be. Personally, the author of this document is a retired military member of the U.S. Air Force (U.S.A.F.) and thus might be expected to have empirical views, especially in times of war. However, his firm belief in the Geneva Conventions and the U.S.A.F. core values of integrity first, service-before-self, and excellenceShow MoreRelatedThucydides vs. Plato1598 Words   |  7 PagesPaper about Thucydides versus Plato on the nature of the Good Life 1: Thucydides versus Plato on the nature of the Good Life. Some have claimed that Thucydides is making empirical claims, whereas Plato is making normative claims. Is that true? Support your answer in your paper. Plato and Thucydides together had strikingly dissimilar views on their tactic on the good life. Many have demanded that Plato is making normative rights, whereas Thucydides has made empirical claims. Lets first takeRead MoreA Biblical View of Science, Technology, and Business: Do Utilitarian’s Agree with These Biblical Views?1835 Words   |  8 Pageswho follow him. Throughout the reading of The Gospel According to Matthew an anti-materialistic approach is used; â€Å"contempt for even the necessities of life and the assurance that ‘God will provide’† (Newton, Source Reader, p. 61). For example, the young rich man in the reading asks God what good deed he can complete in order to receive eternal life. God first suggests to the man to follow the Ten Commandments, the man states that he has been following the Ten Commandments since he was a young boyRead More Aristotelian Ethics and its Context Essay6933 Words   |  28 Pagesdecision-making, and follow-th rough. To a degree hitherto unparalleled in history, Greek democratic (better isonomic (5)) polis-life was participatory, and its preeminent achievements were not laws as products but actions as embodiments of practical intelligence. Aristotle himself is elsewhere well aware of this. In Politics I.ii.6 (1254a8-9) he tells us that human life is action, not production and in saying this, he only corroborates what he concedes when he says that politics is concerned with

The Philosophy Of Schizophrenia Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Philosophy Of Schizophrenia Essay, Research Paper Phil-229 Trinity College In his book, The Paradoxes of Delusion, Louis Sass attempts to refute two of most prevailing beliefs of the schizophrenic individual. He argues that by sing the schizophrenic psychotic beliefs in visible radiation of solipsism, a doctrine of being, the schizophrenic may look far more apprehensible. Through his comparing of the schizophrenic and solipsist worlds, Sass explains that non merely is schizophrenia apprehensible, but that there exists within the construction of schizophrenic psychotic belief a apparently paradoxical province which in actuality approximates a kind of logic more than anything else. Therefore, harmonizing to Sass, schizophrenic disorder should non be deemed a province of unreason, but instead a ground which consequences from a double conceptualisation of the world. Sass first introduces the traditional apprehension of lunacy and psychotic belief. The most cardinal footing under which a individual is diagnosed as insane is when he displays a hapless of false apprehension of his environment, called? hapless world proving. ? ? # 8230 ; perturbation in or failure of? reality-testing? is considered to be the shaping standard for naming a so called psychotic condition. ? ( p.1 ) The inability to right comprehend world is considered to be the footing for psychotic belief, the basic feature of lunacy. But, as Sass explains, patients with schizophrenic disorder, ? the most terrible and paradigmatic sort of insanity, ? frequently do non expose existent hapless reality-testing. While schizophrenic patients tend to harmonize great importance to their psychotic beliefs, they do non manage said psychotic beliefs in the same manner that they handle what they understand to be nonsubjective world. ? # 8230 ; many schizophrenics who seem to be deeply preoccupied with their psychotic beliefs # 8230 ; handle these same beliefs with what seems a certain distance and irony. ? ( p.20-21 ) They seem to retain two apprehensions of world, so called? dual clerking, ? which allows them to be? in two analogues but separate universes: consensual world and the kingdom of their hallucinations # 8230 ; ? ( p.21 ) This construct helps to explicate why many schizophrenic patients do non move on their psychotic beliefs in a mode which is appropriate for the given delusional state of affairs. ? A patient who claims that the physicians and nurses are seeking to torment and poison her may nevertheless merrily consume the nutrient they give her. ? ( p.21 ) They believe that their psychotic beliefs are existent, but merely in the context of a universe known merely to them. ? Schreber insists # 8230 ; that such beliefs-he calls them? my alleged psychotic beliefs? -refers to a separate kingdom, one that does non actuate him to move and wherein the usual standard of worldly cogent evidence does non apply. ? ( p.31 ) While common apprehensions of hapless world proving include a patient? s belief in things which are objectively false or non-existent, Sass argues that many schizophrenics besides disbelieve those things which can be deemed objectively true or existent. ? # 8230 ; frequently schizophrenic psychotic beliefs involve non belief in the unreal but incredulity in something that most people take to be true. Schizophrenic patients may..speak incredulously of? my alleged kids and this alleged infirmary # 8230 ; ? ( p.24 ) Along with these? psychotic beliefs of incredulity, ? schizophrenic patients may comprehend other human existences as machines or apparitions which merely seem to be existent people. Sass besides explains how schizophrenic patients may believe that many of their experiences are merchandises of their ain head and consciousness, as if they have created the world which surrounds them by their ain idea. ? Schizophrenics may believe that they have invented everything they encounter-that # 8230 ; they themselves have merely invented the narrative they have merely read? ( p.22 ) Schreber believed that the insects he saw were created at the minute he looked at them, and disappeared every bit shortly as he looked off. These illustrations, along with the schizophrenic intuition refering the world of other human existences, are cardinal to Sass? likening of schizophrenic disorder to the philosophical impression of solipsism. A solipsist believes that his world is the merely true world, or as Wittgenstein puts it, ? The universe is my idea. ? ( p.34 ) Most fundamentally, solipsism refers to the belief that everything one perceives is a merchandise of his ain head. Like the schizophrenic, the solipsist positions other people as apparitions of a kind. ? For the solipsist, other people, other looking centres of consciousness, are but dream personages, figments of the solipsist? s ain witting activity and awareness. ? ( p.34 ) Because the most basic dogmas of solipsism are lived out in the schizophrenic psychotic beliefs, Sass believes that by sing the symptoms of schizophrenic disorder in visible radiation of the solipsist theoretical account of world, we can derive an apprehension of much of the schizophrenic status. Sass explains that Wittgenstein saw a strong connexion between solipsism and intense concentration or? staring. ? ? The phenomenon of staring is closely bound up with the whole mystifier of solipsism. ? ( p.35 ) Wittgenstein besides noted the importance of inaction to the solipsist experience. Sass explains that by interacting with and traveling about the universe, a individual has no pick but to accept the physical and nonsubjective quality of everything around him. This acknowledgment? precludes a sense of # 8230 ; subjectivization? ( p.35 ) therefore impeding the solipsist understanding that everything he sees is, in consequence, a merchandise of his ain head. By interacting with the world..one is obliged to acknowledge the universe? s distinctness # 8230 ; in a inactive province, the universe may expression instead different. The more one stares at things, the more they may look to hold a coefficient of subjectiveness ; the more they may come to look? things seen. ? When gazing fixedly in front, the field of consciousness as such can come into prominence ; so, it is as if the lens of consciousness were overcasting over and the universe beyond were taking on the aphanous quality of a dream. At this point, the individual can be said to see experience instead than the universe # 8230 ; ( pp.35-36 ) This is to state that the longer we stare at something, the more we think of a certain object in the sense of a ocular, instead than physical object. Viewed as the construct of an object instead than an object in and of itself, the thing takes on a extremely subjective quality. ? In this state of affairs, any object of consciousness tends to experience that it depends on me in some particular manner, belonging to my consciousness as a private and somehow inner possession. ? ( p.36 ) Sass points out that many of Schreber? s schizophrenic experiences were accompanied by merely such fortunes of intense concentration and about complete inaction. ? Apart from day-to-day forenoon and afternoon walks in the garden, I chiefly sat motionless the whole twenty-four hours on a chair at my tabular array # 8230 ; ? ( p.37 ) It appears that certain types of psychotic beliefs would non happen if Schreber were traveling about. ? The experience of ? miracled-up? insects # 8230 ; seems non to hold occurred unless Schreber was in a province of stationariness # 8230 ; if he sat down and waited he could really arouse this wasp miracle. ? ( p.38 ) Schreber? s experience of the? wasp-miracle? is possibly the really best illustration of the propinquity of the schizophrenic and solipsist kingdom. He believed that his regard provoked the self-generated coevals of the insects, an apprehension which gave Schreber the? sense of being the witting centre before whom and for whom events appear. ? ( p.38 ) Sass besides points out transitions of Schreber? s Memoirs which indicate his consciousness that other heads can non be, a cardinal impression of solipsism. ? The solipsist, who is so smitten with the undeniable actuality and centrality of his ain experience, evidently can non hold this same consciousness of the experience of others. In fact, the more he pays attending to his ain experience, the more improbable it seems that other people can hold anything like this-and the more others come to look # 8230 ; non truly witting existences at all. ? ( p.39 ) An apprehension of solipsism helps us to see why the schizophrenic patients fail to react to their psychotic beliefs or respond in what seems an inappropriate mode. As Sass explains, both schizophrenics and solipsists see world as a mental world of constructs or thoughts. Thus is would be mostly ineffectual to try to move out in any physical manner because touchable manoeuvres could hold no affect in a universe where nil is of substance. ? # 8230 ; in a solipsistic existence, to move might experience either unneeded or impossible: unneeded because external conditions are at the clemency of idea # 8230 ; impossible because existent action, action in a universe able to defy my attempts, can non happen in a strictly mental existence. ? ( p.42 ) In visible radiation of this? simply mental or representation? apprehension of the universe, it seems clear that a schizophrenic individual would of course talk in metaphor, something which Sass believes is frequently unknown or ignored. ? A failure to recognize that a patient may be depicting such a manner of experience can # 8230 ; lead to an overly actual reading by the healer, and therefore the misguided feeling that the patient? s world testing has broken down. ? ( p.44 ) Additionally, schizophrenic patients frequently perceive their ain physical organic structures as representational or conceptual. So when they have psychotic beliefs of their organic structures and other people? s organic structures undergoing extremist physical alterations, they are non bothered by it because it seems affectless and inconsequential, as if one were cutting up paper dolls. Sass explains that consideration of the solipsist world can exemplify a possible ground for the schizophrenic anxiousness, described by a physician of Schreber? s as a? tense? and ? cranky? province? caused by inner uneasiness. ? ( p.37 ) With the belief that the universe is a merchandise of one? s ain head comes, to a schizophrenic patient, an huge feeling of duty. They lack the luxury of holding the ability to? halt playing the game, ? if you will, and leave their beliefs behind. While the impression of single-handedly controlling being is accompanied by a sense of amazing power, it besides proceeds a fright of doing the death of the existence. ? One catatonic patient explained why she would keep herself immobile for hours in an uncomfortable place # 8230 ; it was, she said, for the intent of? halting the universe March to catastrophe? : ? If I win in staying in a perfect province of suspension, I will suspend the motion of the Earth and halt the March of the universe to destruction. ? ? ( p.50 ) Wittgenstein believes, and truly so, that solipsism is wrought with contradiction. Sass besides admits that schizophrenic patients are frequently plagued by their ain contradictions, most notably coincident feelings of omnipotence and powerlessness, and the desire to do others understand their experience while believing that they are the lone people capable of experience. Many of these contradictory impressions do non work within the context of the solipsist universe position, and therefore look at first to work against Sass? important comparing between schizophrenic disorder and solipsism. However, Sass proposes that the contradictory nature of the schizophrenic experience does non sabotage its close relation to solipsism, but instead demonstrates the propinquity of schizophrenic disorder to the inherently contradictory nature of solipsism itself. Schizophrenics typically oscillate persistently between a feeling of being a practical maestro of the existence and a belief that their very being is in some manner inconsequential. ? Schreber senses at times that his boundaries extend to the terminals of the existence: ? It appeared that nerves-probably taken from my body-were strung over the whole heavenly vault. ? But he besides feels that he is bantam, and about nonexistent being lost in the enormousness of space. ? ( p.65 ) While the latter may look to belie Sass? nexus between the schizophrenic delusional universe and the solipsist apprehension of world, Sass explains that if we merely follow Wittgenstein? s statement against the solipsistic point of view, we see that even in ego contradiction, the schizophrenic world may keep it? s near connexion with solipsism. A solipsist begins by believing in his cardinal, commanding function of the existence. Gazing and intense concentration give a individual the feeling that? merely me experience of the present minute is real. ? ( p.67 ) But, as Wittgenstein explains, if a individual follows the solipsist rules carefully, he will shortly recognize that he is does non see himself in his being, even though his experience is all that truly is. ? If he closely size up his experiences-which # 8230 ; are all that exists-he must acknowledge that he does non happen himself at that place. ? He goes farther to state that if a solipsist did see himself in his universe, it could merely be as an object of that universe, which is, in affect, a merchandise of ideas and thoughts. He can non, from this experience, confirm his omnipotence. ? # 8230 ; even if one did see oneself within one? s experience, that self, being within the phenomenal field, could be merely as an object, non in the function of the all powerful representing subjectiveness for which the solipsist yearns # 8230 ; ? ( p.68 ) Furthermore, since the solipsist believe the lone world is that which is perceived, and since he can non comprehend himself as anything but an object of his ain consciousness, it is necessary for the solipsist to believe there is another witting being which perceives him as an object, therefore corroborating his object world. But this grant besides undermines the primary dogma of his world being the lone world. With all of this in head, it seems clear that the schizophrenic patients could intelligibly experience both all and nil at the same clip. In Schreber? s instance, Sass points out, his? sense of being the solipsistic centre occurred at those minutes when he was besides sing the contradictory presence of another mind. ? ( p.73 ) The? one? whom Schreber speaks of so often is by and large a truster in the thought that Schreber creates the universe around him. This besides gives penetration into the typical schizophrenic? loss of ego, ? that is, the felling that one? s ideas are belong to some other consciousness or no 1 at all. This could besides be related to the feeling which schizophrenics have of some foreign power commanding the way of their regard. By showing that schizophrenic disorder mirrors a philosophic impression like solipsism, Sass successfully illustrates that it is non wholly accurate to believe in schizophrenic disorder as a province of irrationality. While one might right province that solipsism is in some manner unlogical and unreasonable in and of itself, it would be still be sensible to reason that there is some built-in logic or ground in the find of this built-in self-contradiction. If something is self-contradicting by nature, it is logical to reason that this is unlogical, and therefore we should non see schizophrenic disorder as irrationality because there is a kind of logic to its unlogical nature. Within the context of solipsism, it makes perfect, logical sense that a individual should experience Godheads and powerless at the same clip. It would look so, that schizophrenic disorder is, in a sense, the inconsequence of solipsism taken to it? s logical decision. Part of the ground Sass? decision makes so much sense is the simple fact that much of what the schizophrenics do does non look or sound like irrationality, but instead like a preoccupation or compulsion with ground itself. They invariably examine and size up every facet of themselves and their being. They do mental cheques and rechecks to do certain they are really take parting in the activity which they believe they are. They overanalyze every facet of normal human procedures and nature, and hunt for the ground and account behind every vellication and jitter, every sound their organic structure makes. Their manner of though is non unreason but over-reason, in which they frequently concentrate on one object for so long that it begins to take on a phantasmagoric quality within a individual? s ain head. As Sass points out, ? it is important that schizophrenic patients frequently do describe that executing some action or interaction with others makes their uneven perceptual experiences disappear-that when they comb their hair or shovel snow # 8230 ; the universe turns normal once more, at least for a time. ? ( p.113 ) This suggests that when a schizophrenic individual removes himself from the inactive universe, he has the ability to halt the delusions-the psychotic beliefs are at least partly a consequence of over analysis of the consensual universe. Schreber attempts to get away this universe of? compulsive thought, ? but can non. We must besides take into consideration another of import facet of schizophrenic disorder which Sass points out, viz. , ? eldritch particularity. ? Schizophrenics frequently view the universe with a ageless feeling that everything is go oning for a peculiar ground, that every action and happening points to something else. Unfortunately, they seldom know what such things point to, or why certain happenings are of import: they merely know that they are. ? A patient may see a Canis familiaris raising its left paw # 8230 ; or notices a ruddy pickup truck parked on a span under which he is about to go through. At the same clip, he feels perfectly sure that this is non an inadvertent occurrence # 8230 ; as if there were something merely excessively precise # 8230 ; ? ( p.100 ) This construct of world, in which a individual feels that everything he sees is slightly symbolic or declarative of something else, helps us to understand why schizophrenics have such jobs confronting the nonsubjective universe in a non-metaphorical sense. It besides sheds visible radiation on the desire of the schizophrenic to invariably analyse everything for meaning-while he has a cardinal belief that every event has significance or a intent, he does non cognize what that intent or significance is, and therefore hunts for it merely as any sane individual would make in such a state of affairs. Though their accounts for things do non ever jive with nonsubjective world, yet this surely does non intend that their whole idea procedure is unlogical. Their manner of ground works absolutely within their ain delusional world-we as sane people seem to miss the desire to come in this universe, though clearly accessible by basic use of a philosophic principle. More frequently than non a schizophrenic knows what he says doesn? T average anything to you-this shows non merely an apprehension of this world but a cardinal apprehension of their ain. 346

Iraq`s Problems Essay Example For Students

Iraq`s Problems Essay The topic I choose was Iraq and its past and still ongoing problems with theUnited Nations. The reason I choose this topic as oppose to another topic is warand the United Nations has always fascinated me. With Saddam Hussein still beingstubborn with UN weapons inspectors it was incredibly easy to obtain informationregarding this topic. The Los Angles Times; California; Feb 12 2000; The newestarticle I attained was from the February 12 edition of the Los Angles Times. Itwas entitled Compromise Broached on issue of Arms Inspectors in Iraq. Itdiscussed how Iraq is still refusing to allow the UN weapons inspector into thenation. It also talks about the UN feelings on the chance of inspectors everbeing allowed to do their job. Apparently the Vice President has no intention ofever letting the inspectors into the country. Last Thursday he said, Thereshall be no return of the so-called inspection teams. We reject the infiltrationby spies using such cover. In my humble opinion it would make life in Iraqbetter if the inspectors where just allowed into the country. Most importantlysanctions the UN has placed upon Iraq would be removed. Apparently the reallydont care about the sanctions according to their deputy foreign ministerNizar Hamdoun who said they can live without sanctions forever. The UN hasa different opinion they believe they cannot. I believe they can, they have donefine up to this point and I think they will continue to do fine. I think Iraqhas many things they dont want the UN to know about such as chemical andbiological weapons. They are a threat and need to be dealt with accordingly. NewYork Times; New York; Feb 8, 2000; Barbara Crossette The next article I choosewas from the February 8 issue of the New York Times. This article was entitledIraq Suspected of Secret War Effort. This article sort of scared me. Itwas about in Britain, research and intelligence experts, also convinced thatthere are more germ warfare agents left in Iraq than previously known, h avesuggested that Iraq may have produced the organism that causes bubonic plague. But no evidence has been published in support of that theory, but Americanexperts say, and United Nations inspectors found not trace of the plague inIraq. This is only because Iraq not allowing them to inspect and when the UNinspectors where allowed in they where only allowed to inspect certainareas. This statement made by the so-called American experts was bull*censored*;they only said to comfort the American public. This expert Milton Leitenbergfrom the Center for International and Security Studies at the University ofMaryland has been collecting information about Iraqi weapons sites andactivities from two Iraqi defectors. Milton is really not sure if the new thingis a virus and not a bacterial agent but he said in an interview that Hans Blix,the new chief inspector for Iraq might need to focus his attention on Biologicalweapons. Milton and other British experts say inspector will have to be moreaggressive in demanding access in Iraq. I think so to, biological weapons areillegal as a form of warfare since the Geneva Convention outlawed them. And thefact that there are not allowed to be used as a form of warfare should be reasonenough to be more aggressive not to mention the fact that these weapons of massdestruction will be if not are already in the hands of a mad man! Also accordingto this article the eradication of biological weapons in Iraq may be asimportant or more important to the people of Iraq as to the outside world. Experts working with the United Nations Special Commission, the firstdisarmament task force created for Iraq after the Gulf War said some of thebacterial and viral agents Iraq was producing then had little application forwar. Evidently a fungal agent called aflatoxin can lead to liver cancer, androtavirus, which causes diarrhea in children and the elderly. This is justanother reason for the inspectors to be more insistent in their attempt to gainentry into Iraq, their military compounds, and laboratories. World HistoryVolume II; William J. Duiker Jackson J. Spielvogel Pages 1136-1137 Duikerprovided some insight on the history of this conflict. According to DuikerSaddam Hussein, assumed power in Baghdad in 1979, then accused Iran ofviolating the territorial agreement and launched an attack on his neighbor.(1136) It seems Saddam has been a problem from the beginning and should havebeen taken care of before he became a real threat like he is now. Duiker alsosays during the war between Iraq and Iran poison gas was used on civilians andalso defenseless children were used in the minefields. Then in August 1990Husseins military forces went into the small country of Kuwait and claimedthat they were stealing oil from Iraqi land. This is when the United Nationsdecided to get involved, after all not only was this small defenseless countryunder attack but our nations oil supply was endangered. Really in my opinionthis is the main reason we got involved not for the moral reasons but thefinancial reasons. From here the book taught me no new information. We restoredpeace to Kuwait and destroyed much of Saddams forces. The only problem is wedid not destroy enough of his forces because they are better equipped than theyever were. I have herd that Saddam if he did posses such chemical weapons thatthe article spoke of he does not have the launch capability, meaning he does notposses sufficient I.C.B.M.s (Inter- Continental Ballistic Missiles) but how longbefore he does posses su ch devices. Only time will tell but for now it is hightime we tell Saddam and the Iraqi government to let us in or else threatenanother military strike maybe even nuclear attack. Annotated Bibliography Thetopic I choose was Iraq and its past and still ongoing problems with the UnitedNations. The reason I choose this topic as oppose to another topic is war andthe United Nations has always fascinated me. With Saddam Hussein still beingstubborn with UN weapons inspectors it was incredibly easy to obtain informationregarding this topic. The Los Angles Times; California; Feb 12 2000; The newestarticle I attained was from the February 12 edition of the Los Angles Times. Itwas entitled Compromise Broached on issue of Arms Inspectors in Iraq. Itdiscussed how Iraq is still refusing to allow the UN weapons inspector into thenation. It also talks about the UN feelings on the chance of inspectors everbeing allowed to do their job. Apparently the Vice President has no intention ofever letting th e inspectors into the country. Last Thursday he said, Thereshall be no return of the so-called inspection teams. We reject the infiltrationby spies using such cover. In my humble opinion it would make life in Iraqbetter if the inspectors where just allowed into the country. Most importantlysanctions the UN has placed upon Iraq would be removed. Apparently the reallydont care about the sanctions according to their deputy foreign ministerNizar Hamdoun who said they can live without sanctions forever. The UN hasa different opinion they believe they cannot. I believe they can, they have donefine up to this point and I think they will continue to do fine. I think Iraqhas many things they dont want the UN to know about such as chemical andbiological weapons. They are a threat and need to be dealt with accordingly. NewYork Times; New York; Feb 8, 2000; Barbara Crossette The next article I choosewas from the February 8 issue of the New York Times. This article was entitledIraq Suspected of Secret War Effort. This article sort of scared me. Itwas about in Britain, research and intelligence experts, also convinced thatthere are more germ warfare agents left in Iraq than previously known, havesuggested that Iraq may have produced the organism that causes bubonic plague. The Catcher in the Rye EssayBut no evidence has been published in support of that theory, but Americanexperts say, and United Nations inspectors found not trace of the plague inIraq. This is only because Iraq not allowing them to inspect and when the UNinspectors where allowed in they where only allowed to inspect certainareas. This statement made by the so-called American experts was bull*censored*;they only said to comfort the American public. This expert Milton Leitenbergfrom the Center for International and Security Studies at the University ofMaryland has been collecting information about Iraqi weapons sites andactivities from two Iraqi defectors. Milton is really not sure if the new thingis a virus and not a bacterial agent but he said in an interview that Hans Blix,the new chief inspector for Iraq might need to focus his attention on Biologicalweapons. Milton and other British experts say inspector will have to be moreaggressive in demanding access in Iraq. I think so to, bi ological weapons areillegal as a form of warfare since the Geneva Convention outlawed them. And thefact that there are not allowed to be used as a form of warfare should be reasonenough to be more aggressive not to mention the fact that these weapons of massdestruction will be if not are already in the hands of a mad man! Also accordingto this article the eradication of biological weapons in Iraq may be asimportant or more important to the people of Iraq as to the outside world. Experts working with the United Nations Special Commission, the firstdisarmament task force created for Iraq after the Gulf War said some of thebacterial and viral agents Iraq was producing then had little application forwar. Evidently a fungal agent called aflatoxin can lead to liver cancer, androtavirus, which causes diarrhea in children and the elderly. This is justanother reason for the inspectors to be more insistent in their attempt to gainentry into Iraq, their military compounds, and laboratories. World HistoryVolume II; William J. Duiker Jackson J. Spielvogel Pages 1136-1137 Duikerprovided some insight on the history of this conflict. According to DuikerSaddam Hussein, assumed power in Baghdad in 1979, then accused Iran ofviolating the territorial agreement and launched an attack on his neighbor.(1136) It seems Saddam has been a problem from the beginning and should havebeen taken care of before he became a real threat like he is now. Duiker alsosays during the war between Iraq and Iran poison gas was used on civilians andalso defenseless children were used in the minefields. Then in August 1990Husseins military forces went into the small country of Kuwait and claimedthat they were stealing oil from Iraqi land. This is when the United Nationsdecided to get involved, after all not only was this small defenseless countryunder attack but our nations oil supply was endangered. Really in my opinionthis is the main reason we got involved not for the moral reasons but thefinancial reasons. From here the book taught me no new information. We restoredpeace to Kuwait and destroyed much of Saddams forces. The only problem is wedid not destroy enough of his forces because they are better equipped than theyever were. I have herd that Saddam if he did posses such chemical weapons thatthe article spoke of he does not have the launch capability, meaning he does notposses sufficient I.C.B.M.s (Inter- Continental Ballistic Missiles) but how longbefore he does posses su ch devices. Only time will tell but for now it is hightime we tell Saddam and the Iraqi government to let us in or else threatenanother military strike maybe even nuclear attack.